International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
Rubatosis Publication has launched its first online peer review scientific journal named International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (IJRPST, ISSN Online: 2581-9143). IJRPST will be published quarterly per year in January, April, July, and October. The journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology.
Nanogel technology: preparation strategies and therapeutic uses
Nanogels also known as nanohydrogels are a class of 3D network comprised of natural synthetic, or hydrophilic polymers. The high-water content allows them to swell an enable them to catch hold of macromolecules and drug moieties that respond to external stimuli. The three-dimensional network enhances their stability and tunability with reduced side effects and degradation. The extensive research in miscellaneous field has produced various nanogels with distinct characteristics. Therefore, the simplification of these novel methodologies and their practical applicability would assist in designing nanogels with versatile properties, thereby enhancing drug delivery and targeting efficiency in biomedical and theranostic applications. In addition, the investigations would be helpful to resolve the limitations in conventional therapies such as side effects decreased stability cytotoxicity, non-targeted drug delivery etc. The surface modification results in drug targeting, and enhanced circulation time which increases the bioavailability of the drug molecules. The nanogels because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility, small size, stimuli responsive drug delivery, enhanced drug loading capacity, and tailored functionalities enable their potent applicability towards various fields. In this current comprehensive review, we discuss the updated technologies for the preparation of nanogels and their applicability in treating various diseases and pathological complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Valikala Viswanath (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analytical Method development and validation for ranolazine in tablet dosage form by UV-Spectrophotometry
A simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Ranolazine in pharmaceutical tablet formulations. Ranolazine, an anti-anginal drug used in the treatment of chronic stable angina, was analyzed using a hydrotropic solubilizing agent (0.2 M urea) as the solvent. The absorption maximum (λmax) of Ranolazine was found to be 271 nm. The method showed good linearity in the concentration range of 40–120 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9986. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines for parameters such as precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), robustness, and ruggedness. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 3.35 µg/mL and 10.16 µg/mL respectively. The percentage recovery ranged between 100–102%, confirming the accuracy of the method. The developed method was successfully applied for the assay of Ranolazine tablets with satisfactory results. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is reliable and suitable for routine quality control analysis of Ranolazine in pharmaceutical formulations.
An review on recent advances in anti-Cancer Drugs
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. With the increase in life expectancy, the number of cancer cases has reached unprecedented levels. In this scenario, the pharmaceutical industry has made significant investments in this therapeutic area. Despite these efforts, cancer drug research remains a remarkably challenging field, and therapeutic innovations have not yet achieved expected clinical results. However, the physiopathology of the disease is now better understood, and the discovery of novel molecular targets has refreshed the expectations of developing improved treatments. Several noteworthy advances have been made, among which the development of targeted therapies is the most significant. Monoclonal antibodies and antibody-small molecule conjugates have emerged as a worthwhile approach to improve drug selectivity and reduce adverse effects, which are the main challenges in cancer drug discovery. This review will examine the current panorama of drug research and development (R&D) with emphasis on some of the major advances brought to clinical trials and to the market in the past five years. Breakthrough discoveries will be highlighted al ong with the medicinal chemistry strategies used throughout the discovery process. In addition, this review will provide perspectives and updates on the discovery of novel molecular targets as well as drugs with innovative mechanisms of action.
Anti-ulcer potential of Aegle marmelos (L.): Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Perspectives
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by mucosal damage in the stomach or duodenum due to on imbalance between aggressive factor and mucosal defence mechanisms. Despite the effectiveness of conventional therapies such as proton pump inhibitors and H2-receptor antagonists, their long-term use is associated with adverse effects and recurrence. This has led to increasing interest in plant-based therapeutics. Aegle marmelos (L.), commonly known as bael, is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine for gastrointestinal disorders. It contains diverse bioactive compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, and phenolic constituents. Experimental studies have demonstrated its significant anti-ulcer activity through multiple mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and anti-secretory effects. Additionally, it enhances mucosal defence, promotes ulcer healing, and exhibits antibacterial activity against helicobacter pylori. This review summarizes current evidence on the phytochemistry, pharmacological mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of A. marmelos in the prevention and management of peptic ulcer disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 N Baskar, S. Vinothkumar, R. Nepolean, K Ramesh, V. Atchaya, V. Abinaya, A. Dhanushiya, P. Ajitha (Author)
Uncovering the role of cutaneous microbiota in the immunopathogenesis and therapeutic resistance of merkel cell carcinoma: a precision oncology perspec-tive
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but highly aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine malignancy predominantly affecting immunocompromised and elderly individuals. Driven by Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in over 80% of Western cases and by ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutagenesis in the remainder, MCC presents significant clinical challenges due to propensity for rapid metastasis and resistance to conventional therapies. The cutaneous microbiota has recently emerged as a critical modulator of tumour immune microenvironment composition, antitumour surveillance, and responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This review synthesises current evidence on MCC epidemiology, viral oncogenesis, tumour microenvironment (TME) biology, and ICI therapy with evolving insights into host-microbiome interactions. We explore how microbial dysbiosis may potentiate immunopathogenesis and attenuate ICI efficacy, and we highlight translational opportunities including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), defined bacterial isolates, and bacterial consortia as microbiome-targeted adjuncts within a precision oncology framework.
Nanomaterials unveiled: from atomic design to global solutions
Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems designed for the management of chronic disorders must exhibit critical characteristics, including the ability to evade premature systemic clearance, efficient internalization of therapeutic agents within targeted cells, and controlled release of drug molecules in response to specific physiological stimuli. Addressing the full complexity of these systems is challenging; however, a strong foundation can be established by outlining the fundamental principles governing their design and function. This exploration systematically enumerates the major classes of nanomaterials lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and advanced hybrid/smart platforms alongside their preparation methodologies and demonstrated applicability in biosciences. Furthermore, it highlights recent advances in nanomaterial engineering and stimuli-responsive strategies that have significantly enhanced drug targeting and development, enabling researchers to overcome longstanding knowledge barriers and expand the scope of therapeutic investigations. By integrating these insights, the discussion positions itself as a comprehensive toolbox for interdisciplinary research. It underscores the versatility of multifunctional nanocarriers across diverse biomedical and allied fields, ranging from precision drug delivery and molecular diagnostics to theranostic applications. Ultimately, the significance of these platforms lies in their potential to bridge fundamental nanoscience with translational medicine, encouraging investigators from multiple domains to harness the unique capabilities of nanomaterials for next-generation therapeutic and diagnostic innovations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valikala Viswanath, B Syed Salman (Author)
Contemporary approaches to the preparation of metal nanoparticles: methods and mechanistic insights
Nanoparticles have transformed drug delivery systems to provide new approaches to increase the dissolution, absorption, and targeting properties of drug molecules. They have a nanoscale structure that gives them special characteristics such as high surface area, enhanced membrane permeability and enhanced physicochemical stability in comparison with the traditional drug delivery systems. Such properties render the nanoparticles especially useful in treatment of such complicated illness as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and chronic infectious diseases. This review paper focuses on the different ways of synthesizing metal nanoparticles and their pharmaceutical usage, as a way of overcoming the limitations of the conventional methods of delivery. Altogether, nanoparticles are characterized by enhanced stability and bioavailability, reduced toxicity, and a high possibility of benefiting therapeutic performance and safety in nanomedicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Valikala Viswanath, D. Swarnalatha, Dr. P. Anitha, V. Haripriya, S. Soniya, K. Vanitha, P. Pavani, S. Yuvaraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Comprehensive Review on Nasal Drug Delivery System
Nasal drug delivery has developed as a promising alternative route for the administration of both systemic and local medications, due to its non-invasive nature, rapid onset of action, and potential to bypass first-pass metabolism. Drug absorption is made easier by a mucosal surface that is highly vascularized in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity offers a highly vascularized mucosal surface, facilitating drug absorption through various mechanisms, including transcellular, paracellular, and receptor-mediated transport. To improve bioavailability and extend drug retention in the nasal mucosa, numerous dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, gels, emulsions, nanoparticles, and microparticles, have been developed. To enhance drug absorption and stability, excipients like mucoadhesive polymers, permeation enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors are included. However, advanced formulation strategies, such as lipid-based carriers, nano formulations, and in situ gelling systems, are required to address issues like mucociliary clearance, enzymatic degradation, and limited drug permeability. Pain management, hormone therapy, vaccine administration, and the treatment of respiratory and central nervous system (CNS) disorders are just a few examples of the many therapeutic applications of nasal drug delivery. Due to the possibility of enhanced systemic absorption, intranasal delivery of biologics like proteins and peptides has also received attention. Nasal drug delivery has some drawbacks, including the possibility of mucosal damage with long-term use, nasal irritation, and variability in drug absorption due to physiological conditions. Further research is needed to overcome these challenges through innovative formulations and delivery technologies. Overall, nasal drug delivery remains a highly promising and evolving field with significant potential for improved patient outcomes and therapeutic efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Valikala Viswanath, P. Anitha, D. Swarnalatha, S. Chandana Priya, P. Poojitha, P. Varun Kumar, S.K. Farina, S. Mahabunnisa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Method validation and development of analysis of Drotaverine and Mefenamic acid by RP-HPLC method
A fast, sensitive, and reliable RP-HPLC method involving Waters HPLC System Model NO.2690/5 with PDA detector was developed and validated for the determination and quantification of Drotaverine and Mefenamic Acid . Chromatography was performed on the Inertsil -ODS C18 (250 x 4.6 mm , 5 μ) column using filtered and mixed Degassed Methanol : Acetonitrile (80:20) as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 ml / min and selected injection volume 20μl, an effluent of 280nm. Retention times for Drotaverine 2.955min, and Mefenamic Acid 3.538 min. The proposed method is accurate, precise, specific and rapid for estimation of Drotaverine and Mefenamic Acid in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.
Manepalli Lovakumari Manepalli Lovakumari
Copyright (c) 2026 Manepalli Lovakumari, V.V. Lakshmi, Dr. Madhu Gudipati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Development and Validation of a UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitative Estimation of Empagliflozin in Tablet Dosage Forms
A simple, rapid, and economical UV-visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of empagliflozin in tablet dosage forms. Empagliflozin exhibited maximum absorbance (λmax) at 224 nm in ethanol. The method showed good linearity in the concentration range of 2-12 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999. The proposed method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements of Pharmaceuticals for Human use Q2(R1) for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The percentage recovery ranged from 99.90 % to 100.07 %, indicating good accuracy of the method. Precision studies showed %RSD value below 2%, demonstrating acceptable repeatability. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.218 µg/ml and 0.661 µg/ml, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the assay of empagliflozin in marketed tablet formulation and was found to be suitable for routine quality control analysis due to its simplicit, accuracy and cost-effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 N. Baskar, Nepolean R, Ramesh K, A. Adhithiyan, E. Maruthapandiyan, Abu Hanifa, F. Gibson Harrish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review On Ethosomal Drug Delivery System
Copyright (c) 2025 P. Dimple Sameeksha, D. Rakshitha, P. Surekha, SK. Sheema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Comprehensive Review on Dry Eye Syndrome
Dry Eye Syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a complex and multifactorial ocular surface disorder characterized by tear film instability, increased tear osmolarity, ocular surface inflammation, and neurosensory abnormalities. It affects millions of individuals globally, with symptoms ranging from dryness, irritation, burning sensation, and foreign body sensation, to more severe visual disturbances and chronic discomfort. The pathogenesis of DES involves disruption in one or more layers of the tear film lipid, aqueous, or mucin which can be triggered by environmental factors, systemic diseases, hormonal changes, prolonged screen exposure, or use of certain medications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic options available for the management of DES. Special attention is given to current diagnostic tools such as tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s test, ocular surface staining, tear osmolarity measurement, and inflammatory biomarkers like MMP-9. In terms of treatment, the review highlights the role of FDA-approved medications such as cyclosporine (Restasis®, Cequa®), lifitegrast (Xiidra®), and corticosteroids (Eysuvis®), as well as over-the-counter lubricants, mucin secretagogues, and preservative-free artificial tears. Emerging treatment modalities such as autologous serum eye drops, intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy, neurostimulation devices, and regenerative biologics are also discussed, reflecting the shift towards personalized and targeted approaches. With DES becoming increasingly common due to lifestyle and environmental changes, its management necessitates a multimodal and evidence-based strategy that combines pharmacological therapy, procedural interventions, and patient education for optimal clinical outcomes.
Rajasekhar Reddy Poonuru Rajasekhar Reddy Poonuru
Copyright (c) 2025 Mitta Anusha, Rajasekhar Reddy Poonuru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Design and characterization of swietenia mahagoni jacq. Mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control
The present study was designed to evaluate the design and characterization of swieteniamahagonijacq. mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemiccontrol. Usingtheextraction methods like soxhlet extraction, benzene extraction, Ethanolic Extraction, Ethyl acetate extraction, petroleum ether extraction.Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group 1- normal control, Group 2- diabetic control, Group3 –treatment control Swieteniamahagoni 100mg/kg, Group 4 – Swieteniamahagoni 200mg/kg treated group, Group 5 – Glibenclamide 5mg/kg.The levels of biochemical parameter, body weight, serum lipid profile, serum total cholesterol, serum glycerides, VLDL AND & HDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, Hemoglobin &glycated hemoglobin were examined in each of these groups. Chronic administration of swieteniamahagoni at a dose of 100mg/kg & 200mg/kg, p.o. for a period of 21 days markedly decreased the level of blood glucose level & lipid level. Phamacological studies were assessed forbioassessment, clinical trials, and toxicological studies. Quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid likeestimation of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content,HPTLC investigation of ethanol extract.Taken together, the results suggested that treatment reduced hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control. This study demonstrates the swieteniamahagonijacq. Mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control.
Copyright (c) 2025 L V Vigneshwaran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. – A medicinal boon among woods
Mahogany is an economically very valuable timber tree. The phytochemical components included in plant extracts make them a less risky and more cost-effective choice. Swieteniamhagoni is a medium to large evergreen tree with 30-35 m of height, which belongs to Meliaceae family. Meliaceae (the mahogany) is a family of flowering plants that includes about 51 genera and 575 species of trees. S. mahagoni produced fragrant, yellow green colour with less than 0.3 inches wide, small flowers. The plant is native to the Bahamas, Antilles, USA, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Haiti, Southern Florida, Cuba, and widely cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and China. The identification of chemical compounds derived from herbal plants has sparked research into the phytocompounds responsible for their biological properties. The Swieteniamahagoni (L.) belongs to the Meliaceae family, which consists mainly of evergreen blooming plants. This family, which has around 50 genera and 550 species, has been widely farmed in South Asia and the Pacific region. A broad variety of diseases are treated using various species from this family’s usage in traditional medicine. The bark of S. mahagoni is used as a spice and in spirits, while its seeds are employed for the treatment of malaria, diabetic complications, autoimmune disorders, viral infections, eating disorders, and hypertension. The therapeutic properties of plants are attributed to their secondary metabolites, which can be used to produce natural antibiotics. The Meliaceae family contains various chemical compounds, including triterpenoids (limonoids), which are more abundant in this family than in others. Diabetes is endocrine chronic metabolic disorder in insulin production or insulin resistance. It is diagnosed with hyperglycemia and other parameters such as HbA1c. Insulin is one of among the hormones which regulate the blood glucose level (BGL). Phytochemicals content of S. mahagoni are phospholipid, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, antraquinones, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, volatile oils and long chain unsaturated acid. The dire need for such a review arises as the plant is included in the list of endangered species due to its high exploitation for timber utilization.
Copyright (c) 2024 L.V. Vigneshwaran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Need of silver nanoparticles for better antidiabetic drug delivery – an overview
Growth and applications of nano science and nanoparticles have a great footprint in recent years. There is increasing optimism that nanotechnology, as applied to medicine, will bring significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.Working with these extremely small structures is very much interesting due to its unique properties. Drug delivery and related pharmaceutical development in the context of nanomedicine should be viewed as science and technology of nanometer scale complex systems, consisting of at least two components, one of which is a pharmaceutically active ingredient. Hyperglycaemia occurs because of uncontrolled hepatic glucose output and reduced uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle with reduced glycogen synthesis. Nowadays, to develop nanoscaled systems has become a prominent strategy to improve the drug delivery of phytochemicals. In this review, we primarily summarized the significance of nanotechnology followed by its importance in herbal antidiabetic drug delivery. Equipped With high scale production possibility, Long stability and Freeze dried to form powder formulation silver nanoparticles are determined for better herbal drug targeting in Diabetes Mellitus.
Formulation and characterisation of solid lipid nanoparticle hydrogels of Naproxen
Naproxen is Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and is considered to be first line drug in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteo arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Naproxen undergoes first pass metabolism when taken orally and it also produces some GI problems. The aim of the study is to improve the efficacy, drug loading capacity and biocompatibility of drug by formulating in solid lipid nanoparticles. To minimize the toxicity and increase the stability of drug by encapsulating in nanoparticulate system. To optimize the developed solid lipid nanoparticle formulations. Drug Naproxen has been loaded with lipid carriers and then formulated in to Hydrogels with the objective of prolonging its action and avoiding its most side effects by incorporation of solid lipid carriers which is achieved by Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). Methods: Nanostructured lipid carrier was prepared by Ultra sonication or High-Speed Homogenization method. Characterization of nanostructured lipid carrier was performed by measuring particle size, drug entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Spherical uniform particles (size below 500 nm), Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of about 69-86%. The drug release profile of all the formulations after 24 h study was found to be in the range of 43%- 94%. Formulation showing sustained release profile at the end of the study was found to be the best formulation. Optimized formulation was converted in to hydrogel with Carbopol as gelling agent was formulated and characterized for its physical appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity studies. Conclusion: The result concludes that Naproxen loaded nanostructured lipid carrier could be a potential drug delivery system.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Formulation and characterisation of solid lipid nanoparticle hydrogels of naproxen
Naproxen is Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and is considered to be first line drug in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteo arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Naproxen undergoes first pass metabolism when taken orally and it also produces some GI problems. The aim of the study is to improve the efficacy, drug loading capacity and biocompatibility of drug by formulating in solid lipid nanoparticles. To minimize the toxicity and increase the stability of drug by encapsulating in nanoparticulate system. To optimize the developed solid lipid nanoparticle formulations. Drug Naproxen has been loaded with lipid carriers and then formulated in to Hydrogels with the objective of prolonging its action and avoiding its most side effects by incorporation of solid lipid carriers which is achieved by Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). Nanostructured lipid carrier was prepared by Ultra sonication or High-Speed Homogenization method. Characterization of nanostructured lipid carrier was performed by measuring particle size, drug entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Spherical uniform particles (size below 500 nm), Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of about 69-86%. The drug release profile of all the formulations after 24 h study was found to be in the range of 43%- 94%. Formulation showing sustained release profile at the end of the study was found to be the best formulation. Optimized formulation was converted in to hydrogel with Carbopol as gelling agent was formulated and characterized for its physical appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity studies. The result concludes that Naproxen loaded nanostructured lipid carrier could be a potential drug delivery system.
Copyright (c) 2024 Narasimha Rao, Rini Joy, Nelson Kumar, Gowtham Kumar Reddy, Hari Babu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Formulation characterisation and in-vitro evaluation of liposomal drug delivery system of sitagliptin for prolonged release
Sitagliptin is widely used for the treatment of diabetes; the intention of the present study was to formulate Sitagliptin liposomes for a Prolonged drug delivery system. It have the advantages of dose reduction, less dosing frequency, minimize the side effect, prolong the action of drug and thus achieve better patient compliance. The liposomes were prepared by physical dispersion and ether injection method. Soya lecithin and cholesterol were used for encapsulating the drug, it facilitates to release the medicaments in sustained manner. Chloroform, ether and methanol were used as a solvent. Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 was used as a hydration medium for loading the drug. The final liposome was evaluated in various quality parameters of drug entrapment efficiency, morphological analysis, particle size analysis, in-vitro drug release studies and stability studies. In the two methods of Sitagliptin liposome formulation the ether injection method showed prolonged action when compared to physical dispersion method. In the parameters of drug entrapment and stability physical dispersion method was shows better results.
Copyright (c) 2024 B. Narasimha Rao, V. Dharsana, S. Nelson Kumar, P. Gowtham Kumar Reddy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Formulation and evaluation of controlled - release floating tablets of pregabalin
Gastroretentive controlled release systems aim to provide a steady release of medication to maintain therapeutic levels over an extended period. Developing an oral controlled release drug delivery system involves not only sustaining drug release but also prolonging the presence of the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract until the drug is completely released at the desired time. The article's objective was to create and assess controlled-release floating tablets of pregabalin, a gabapentinoid drug, in the stomach to increase gastric residence time, thereby extending drug release and enhancing oral bioavailability. This was achieved by incorporating gelling polymers like Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Pregabalin (PGB) is commonly used to treat diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and partial-onset seizures. Pregabalin is primarily absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and has a short half-life. Therefore, to reduce the dosing frequency of pregabalin a gastroretantive controlled release system. Hence it was decided to formulate and evaluate as controlled-release floating tablets of pregabalin using different combinations of HPMC K4M and HPMC K100LV.
Copyright (c) 2024 B. Narasimha Rao, S. Sai Teja, S. Nelson Kumar., P. Gowtham Kumar Reddy, R. Hari Babu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nanofiber-Based Drug Delivery System for Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU): A Comprehensive Review
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes, contributing to high morbidity, decreased quality of life, and even limb amputation. Traditional treatments, such as wound dressings and systemic therapies, often fail to sufficiently promote healing or prevent recurrence, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Nanofiber-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution, offering unique advantages like high surface area, tunable porosity, and the ability to encapsulate and deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled and sustained manner. These systems can deliver various bioactive substances, including growth factors, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs, directly to the wound site, promoting faster healing, reducing infection, and enhancing tissue regeneration. The materials used for nanofiber fabrication include natural polymers, such as collagen and chitosan, and synthetic polymers like polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA), which can be tailored to the specific needs of DFU treatment. Electrospinning, a versatile technique, is primarily employed to produce nanofibers with precise control over diameter and morphology, allowing for the customization of drug release profiles. This article provides a comprehensive review of the use of nanofiber-based drug delivery systems in the treatment of DFUs, focusing on their advantages, the therapeutic agents involved, materials used, and fabrication techniques. The review highlights the potential of these systems to revolutionize DFU management, offering a promising avenue for improving healing outcomes and reducing complications associated with diabetic foot ulcers.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Gajalakshmi, A. Jayakumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Formulation and Biopharmaceutical Aspects in The Development of Oral Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems
The Gastrointestinal tract is separated into two parts: upper and lower. The upper GI tract includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the initial part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. The lower GI tract includes the rest of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum), as well as the large intestine segments: The cecum, colon, and rectum. The structure of the GI tract is similar in all segments. The lumen is enveloped by smooth muscle cells, covered by mucus, submucosa, and several muscle layers. The mucosal layer which lines the inner part of the GI tract consists of a layer of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae, which play significant roles in food/drug molecule transport and gastrointestinal immunity. A broad absorption area and a lengthy residence period give more possibilities for drug absorption, which is why drug absorption occurs mostly in the small intestine. Further, between the three main parts of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), the jejunum and ileum have a higher absorption capacity compared to the duodenum. The average segment length, pH, mucus thickness, drug residence time, and bacterial diversity/population in various segments are factors of the environmental parameters that affect drug integrity and absorption. This review outlines, factors influencing drug delivery, and discusses attributes to overcome using lipid-based systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ram Mahinder, Albert Koo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dosage form developments of Polymer based drug delivery systems for Oral route
Scientists had created a unidirectional release sequence and sealed the other side of the patches with impermeable ethyl cellulose sheets. Other studies showed that the incorporation of drug-loaded microspheres into the patches, instead of direct loading of the drugs, can provide significantly enhanced control over the release behavior of the drug. Recently developed a lipophilic formulation (drug-in-oil formulation) to improve the compatibility of the system with intestinal cell lines and enhance the absorption of insulin. This formulation, however, lacked sufficient retention time at the targets. They eventually solved this problem by developing a bilayer patch comprised of a drug-impermeable layer to ensure unidirectional drug release and a layer of mucoadhesive to extend gastro-residence duration. The porous mucoadhesive layer was likewise impregnated with the drug-in-oil formulation. Although it has been more than two decades since the development of these oral devices, they have not attracted as much research attention as other designs, such as MPs Oral patches are most commonly used in the duodenum's early segments because solid boluses of digested food might remove the patch from the lumen wall in latter parts of the GI tract, considerably reducing the transitional period. Even in the duodenal part, the device needs strong bonding/binding with the mucus to avoid being washed away by gastric juice. Additionally, the mucus turnover cycle restricts the actual applicability of these devices for sustained delivery. This paper outlines similar latest technologies in polymer delivery systems for oral delivery.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alex Borreal, Dinesh Pal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The analgesic activity of novel synthesized tetrapeptides: overview
The tetrapeptide class of biased analgesics from an Australian fungus targets the -opioid receptor. The current study sought to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Tyr-MIF-1 mimetics in rats suffering from acute pain. We report the synthesis of two new compounds which are hybrid molecules between the substituted pyrrole (Pyr) and analogues of Tyr MIF-1 peptide. The in vitro opioid activity of the analogs was tested in the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and naloxone-induced pain model. The study examined the effect of an analog to an N-terminal nociceptin fragment on the behavior of albino rats. We have also elucidated a novel G protein-biased agonist, Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2, for the management of moderate to severe acute pain following abdominoplasty. The pharmacophore based on Phe, NH2, was synthesised and characterized by solid phase chemistry and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The results show that a series of hybrid molecules with a unique stereochemical arrangement of hydrophobic amino acids, bilaids A-C, were synthesized. The effects of a new molecule, an analog of N-Terminal Nociceptinal Fragment (PK20M), on motor and exploratory activity of mature rats and in 42-day pups and 21-day rat pups were evaluated. The antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of the original molecule were evaluated in a model of post-incisional pain in rats at doses lower than 1g/kg. The present study reporting the overview of analgesic activity of some novel synthesized tetrapeptides fragments shows satisfaction effects comparing with morphine, aspirin, naloxone, etc.
Copyright (c) 2024 M. Vignesh , A. Jayakumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antimicrobial activity of microwave assisted synthesized chalcones and conventional synthesized chalcones: an overview
A chalcone is a type of acetophenone in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been swapped out for a benzylidene group, making it a member of the class of chalcones. Kamboj*, et al has synthesized A fast and very rapid procedure is reported for the synthesis of chalcones from the ketones and aldehydes under microwave irradiation. All the synthesized compounds 1-28 were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by cup plate method. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by spectral data (infrared spectroscopy [IR] and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]). All compounds showed excellent results against all fungi and are comparable to that of the standard antibiotic, Nystatin.
Copyright (c) 2024 P. Saran, A. Jayakumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Buccal films: A review of therapy possibilities, treatment plans and appropriate evaluation techniques
Due to apparent greater patient acceptance compared to buccal tablets and enormous therapeutic opportunities compared to traditional oral drug delivery methods, particularly for those who suffer from dysphagia, the potential of the mucoadhesive film technology is difficult to ignore. Despite this, there are currently no authorised mucoadhesive buccal films, and the translation of published literature into the commercial market is essentially non-existent. In order to help this patient-centred dosage form become more widely used, this review aims to give an overview of mucoadhesive buccal film technology and highlight crucial areas on which to concentrate scientific efforts. While discussing the patient-related aspects influencing the utilisation of various dosage forms, a number of indications and development potential were noted. A technical description of the processes used to create these films, including solvent casting, hot melt extrusion, inkjet printing, and three-dimensional printing, was also offered. The utilisation of more than thirty mucoadhesive polymers in film formulations was found, and information about their mucoadhesive properties as well as their inclusion with other essential formulation ingredients was supplied.
Copyright (c) 2024 Madhu Gudipati, Nikhilesh Maruthi, P. Yateesha Sai, M. Nagamani, N. Meghana, T. Ajay Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Formulation And Evaluation of Biodegradable Polymer Triple Layer Coated Multiparticulate System For Colon Targeting
Abstract: In this present research work, the aim was to develop extended on targeted triple layer coated pellets filled capsule system of Curcumin for chronotherapeutic treatment of colon cancer. Materials and Methods: So triple layer coated pellets of curcumin were prepared using pH sensitive polymers by using fluidized bed dryer which was further filled into an empty gelatin capsule. The compatibility was assessed using FT-IR, DSC and SEM studies for pure drug, polymers and their physical mixtures. Results and Discussion: The prepared batches were subjected to physicochemical studies, drug content estimation, in-vitro drug release and stability studies. When FT-IR, DSC and SEM studies were performed, it was found that there was no interaction between curcumin and polymers used. The physicochemical properties of the entire prepared triple layer coated pellets batches were found to be in limits. The drug content percentage in the optimized formulation C9 was found to be 99.86± 0.02%. The optimized triple layer coated pellets-filled-capsule formulation C9 releases curcumin after a lag time of 3.14 ± 1.58, 17.48 ±0.03%, 68.72 ± 0.86%, and 98.46± 0.34% at the end of 2, 5, 9, and 12 h respectively. Conclusion: Thus, a novel colon targeted delivery system of curcumin was successfully developed by filling triple layer coated pellets into an empty gelatin capsule shell for targeting colon cancer treatment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Madhu Gudipati, P. Srinivasa Babu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Valsartan and Sacubitril in pharmaceutical dosage form
The Present work was to develop a simple, fast, accurate, precise, reproducible, Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for simultaneous estimation of Valsartan and Sacubitril in Pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatographic separation trials were done using three columns and four mobile phases in different ratios. Columns used are Thermosil C18 column(100mm×4.6mm)5µm, Xterra C18 column(150mm×4.6mm)5µm and Chromosil C18 column having dimension of (150mm x 4.6 mm)5µm and mobile phase used are water, methanol, acetonitrile, phosphate buffer in different logic ratios based on polarity, with mobile phase consisting of Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 and K2HPO4) pH 3 ±0.02 pH adjusted with ortho phosphoric acid and Acetonitrile (25:75 %v/v), flow rate was adjusted to 1ml/min and detection wavelength at 254nm. The retention times of Valsartan and Sacubitril was found to be 2.589 and 3.711mins. The proposed method has been validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness and range were within the acceptance limit according to ICH guidelines. Linearity for Valsartan and Sacubitril were found in range of 0.2µg-0.6µg and 0.1µg-0.3µg and correlation coefficient were found to be 0.999 and 0.999 respectively. %RSD for intermediate precision was found to be 0.1 and 0.2, for repeatability was 0.2 and 0.5, % mean recovery for Valsartan and Sacubitril was found to be 99.77% to 100.12% respectively. The method was found to be robust even by change in the mobile phase ±5% and in less flow condition. The developed method can be successfully employed for the routine analysis of Valsartan and Sacubitril in API and Pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Copyright (c) 2024 A. Jayakumar, R. BalaVignesh, S. GeethaPriya, K. Santhanakishnan, R. Thiruppathi, M. Vinothini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Design and synthesis of antimicrobial linear tetrapeptides and heterocyclic ring conjugated tetrapeptides- a comprehensive review
Peptides having a number of therapeutic activities, in which, sequence of antimicrobial peptides plays an important role in antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial peptides are potential alternatives for conventional antibiotics. Our objective is to collect important different types of linear anti microbial peptides. We are doing a comprehensive review on linear antimicrobial tetrapeptides.
Elucidating Protein Aggregation in Neurodegeneration Diseases Using Computational Approaches
The generation of toxic non-native protein conformers has emerged as a unifying thread among disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Atomic-level detail regarding dynamical changes that facilitate protein aggregation, as well as the structural features of large-scale ordered aggregates and soluble non-native oligomers, would contribute significantly to current understanding of these complex phenomena and offer potential strategies for inhibiting formation of cytotoxic species. However, experimental limitations often preclude the acquisition of high-resolution structural and mechanistic information for aggregating systems. Computational methods, particularly those combine both all-atom and coarse-grained simulations to cover a wide range of time and length scales, have thus emerged as crucial tools for investigating protein aggregation. Here we review the current state of computational methodology for the study of protein self-assembly, with a focus on the application of these methods toward understanding of protein aggregates in human neurodegenerative disorders.
Clinical Perspective of Advances in Oral Dosage form Delivery Systems
The primary drug delivery methods are intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), intranasal (IN), intradermal (ID), transdermal and oral administration. Other routes, such as ocular delivery, have also been developed for localized, site-specific drug administration without unwanted systemic side effects. Each mode of administration poses particular barriers in terms of drug delivery. Furthermore, medications can be integrated into delivery devices, which significantly contributes to therapeutic efficacy, drug preservation, and targeting. We initially present the overview of the many administration methods in this review before concentrating upon oral delivery systems as being the most appealing route. We explain the main challenges associated with such methods and review the most recent solutions developed to address them.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ujwal Kumar, M K Aneebuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0