Anti-ulcer potential of Aegle marmelos (L.): Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Perspectives

Abstract

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by mucosal damage in the stomach or duodenum due to on imbalance between aggressive factor and mucosal defence mechanisms. Despite the effectiveness of conventional therapies such as proton pump inhibitors and H2-receptor antagonists, their long-term use is associated with adverse effects and recurrence. This has led to increasing interest in plant-based therapeutics. Aegle marmelos (L.), commonly known as bael, is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine for gastrointestinal disorders. It contains diverse bioactive compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, and phenolic constituents. Experimental studies have demonstrated its significant anti-ulcer activity through multiple mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and anti-secretory effects. Additionally, it enhances mucosal defence, promotes ulcer healing, and exhibits antibacterial activity against helicobacter pylori. This review summarizes current evidence on the phytochemistry, pharmacological mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of A. marmelos in the prevention and management of peptic ulcer disease.