International Journal of Research in Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy
Rubatosis Publication has launched its scientific journal named International Journal of Research in Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy (IJRHCP ISSN: 2582-0672) will be published quarterly per year in January, April, July, and October. The journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy.
Glutamate Receptor Modulation as a Therapeutic Strategy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms, Pharmacological Targets, and Future Perspectives
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and plays a crucial role in synaptic transmission, neuronal development, memory formation, and synaptic plasticity. However, dysregulation of glutamatergic signaling can lead to excitotoxicity, a pathological process characterized by excessive calcium influx, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal damage. This mechanism has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glutamate receptors are broadly classified into ionotropic receptors (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate) and metabotropic glutamate receptors, both of which play essential roles in neuronal communication. Pharmacological modulation of these receptors using antagonists, agonists, and allosteric modulators has shown promising neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects in experimental studies. Nevertheless, clinical translation remains limited due to issues related to receptor selectivity, adverse effects, and incomplete understanding of glutamatergic pathways. Future research focusing on receptor subtype–selective modulators, improved safety profiles, and personalized therapeutic approaches may enhance the clinical potential of glutamate receptor–targeted therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nepolean R, Ramesh K, Kalaivani R, Vinothkumar S, Vijay Kesavan K, Asa Rajarathinam A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Care: A Narrative Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly changing the field of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences by making healthcare and drug-related processes more efficient, more accurate, and faster. With the help of AI technologies like machine learning and deep learning, the deep analysis of voluminous biological, chemical, and clinical data is possible, and this facilitates enhanced decision-making in drug discovery and development. AI is also used to aid drug discovery in the identification of targets as well as molecular design, virtual screening, and repurposing of drugs, which saves a lot of time and expense. AI has been used to enhance drug development via predictions of pharmacokinetics and toxicity as well as clinical trials optimization. In the pharmaceutical industry, AI can be used to optimize the processes, to monitor the quality and to predictive maintain the machinery to maintain the quality and efficiency of the products and the process. The usage of AI in pharmaceutical care is also important to assist the clinic in clinical decision systems, medication therapy management, prediction of adverse drug reaction, and personalized medicine. Moreover, it enhances medication safety and patient compliance because of its incorporation into both hospital and community pharmacy. Nonetheless, AI can transform the future of pharmacy practice and healthcare delivery despite the difficulties of data privacy and bias in the algorithm, as it has a great potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chandramohan K, Anbarasu D, Nepolean R, Thawfiq Rahman M, Suganthan US, Ramesh K, Kalaivani R, Azhagammal M, Vinothkumar S, Baskar N (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus (DILE): A Comprehensive Analysis of Pathogenesis, Clinical Profiles, Diagnosis, and Management Strategies
Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE) represents a distinctive autoimmune phenomenon characterized by its association with prolonged exposure to certain medications, as opposed to the idiopathic nature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Unlike SLE, the hallmark feature of DILE is its tendency to remit upon cessation of the offending drug. This article embarks on a comprehensive exploration of DILE, elucidating its pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic interventions through a meticulous analysis of contemporary scholarly works. The pathogenesis of DILE is multifaceted, involving complex interactions between genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and the pharmacological properties of implicated medications. Understanding these intricate mechanisms is pivotal in both diagnosis and management. Clinical manifestations of DILE often mirror those of SLE, encompassing a spectrum of symptoms ranging from constitutional complaints to organ-specific involvement. Navigating the diagnostic landscape of DILE necessitates a discerning approach, leveraging a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory investigations, and exclusionary criteria to differentiate it from other autoimmune entities, particularly SLE. Management of DILE hinges upon prompt recognition and withdrawal of the offending agent, which typically precipitates clinical improvement and eventual resolution of symptoms. Pharmacological interventions may be warranted to alleviate acute manifestations or mitigate disease progression in refractory cases. However, the efficacy and safety profile of such treatments warrant careful consideration in light of potential adverse effects and drug interactions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Robin George, Abhishek Thiruganahalli Suresh, Harshitha Mavinahalli Ramnath, Ellampati Sunil Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of drug related problems in patients prescribed with antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital
India has one of the greatest burdens of bacterial infections in the world and the crude mortality rate is 417 per 100,000 persons. The present research was conducted with the purpose to evaluate drug-related issues (DRPs) among patients receiving antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital. A potential observational study was carried out in 170 inpatients at the General Medicine Department of Government General Hospital (RIMS) that was conducted in Kadapa between October 2024 and April 2025. The selection of patients was done according to the willingness and inclusion criteria, and the ethical approval was received within the Institutional Human Ethics Committee. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis that used p-value estimation were carried out with Jamovi v2.6.44.0. DRPs were the most prevalent among the participants aged 31-60 years (30 cases; 51.72). The proportion of males (70.68) was higher than that of females (29.32). The cephalosporins were the class of antibiotics with the greatest number of DRPs (31 cases; 53.45%). Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) had the highest number of DRPs and this was 15 cases. Twelve patients (20.69%), and 46 patients (79.31%) were found to be exposed to polypharmacy and not exposed to polypharmacy respectively. The p-value of 0.210 shown was at 0.05 level, meaning that there were no statistically significant differences between DRPs and length of hospital stay. The research concludes that the issue of DRPs is significant among patients taking antibiotics at tertiary care facilities. DRPs were selected and classified according to the PCNE classification system (version 9.1) using the type, cause, and outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Valikala Viswanath, Bhaskara Rao chavakala, M. Naveen, N. Supraja, S. Ibrahim, K. Yeswanth, D. Giri Raja Sekhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antenatal Corticosteroids for Fetal Lung Maturation and Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Preterm birth remains a major global cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, frequently leading to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) due to pulmonary immaturity and surfactant deficiency. Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) are widely used to accelerate fetal lung maturation and improve neonatal respiratory outcomes. The present systematic review evaluates the physiological mechanisms, clinical effectiveness, and current clinical recommendations for antenatal corticosteroid therapy in the prevention of neonatal RDS. A structured literature review was conducted following the PRISMA framework using major databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant studies evaluating the use of betamethasone or dexamethasone in pregnant women at risk of preterm birth were screened. Ten high-quality studies, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses, were selected for qualitative synthesis. The findings consistently demonstrate that antenatal corticosteroid therapy significantly reduces the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Several landmark trials also confirm benefits in both early and late preterm pregnancies. Physiologically, corticosteroids promote differentiation of type II pneumocytes, enhance surfactant synthesis, and improve pulmonary compliance, thereby facilitating postnatal lung function. Current international guidelines recommend administration of antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm delivery within seven days between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. Overall, antenatal corticosteroid therapy remains a cornerstone of modern perinatal care. Future research should focus on optimizing dosing strategies and evaluating long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with repeated exposure.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Simson Silvestar, A. Shobana, P. Surendhar, A. Aafreen, K. Ramesh, R. Kalaivani, R. Nepolean (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Alkaptonuria: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management perspectives
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the HGD gene, leading to deficiency of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA). Oxidized HGA forms ochronotic pigment that deposits in connective tissues, producing progressive damage. The earliest sign is urine darkening. Over time, bluish-brown discoloration of cartilage, spinal stiffness, large-joint arthritis, tendon ruptures, aortic valve disease, and renal calculi may develop. The global prevalence ranges from 1 in 25,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 births, with higher incidence in Slovakia, the Dominican Republic, India, and Jordan. Diagnosis is confirmed by urinary HGA measurement via high-performance liquid chromatography, HGD mutation analysis, and imaging such as MRI, CT, or DEXA.Treatment is mainly supportive, including analgesics, physiotherapy, and surgery for severe joint involvement. Nitisinone therapy significantly reduces urinary HGA and may slow disease progression but requires monitoring of plasma tyrosine levels. Although AKU rarely reduces lifespan, it causes substantial morbidity, highlighting the importance of early detection, multidisciplinary management, and further research into disease-modifying therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramesh K, Nepolean R, Vinothkumar S, Baskar N, Hemalatha M, Chinjumol ML, Haritha RR, Shobana A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Diagnostic Challenges in SLE and the Promise of Emerging Immunological Biomarkers
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted systemic autoimmune disease, which presents with variable clinical features and big diagnostic problems. Diagnosis at an early stage has continued to be a challenge because of conflicting clinical manifestations with other autoimmune disorders, unstable clinical manifestations, and poor sensitivity and specificity of traditional biomarkers. Conventional diagnostic characteristics like antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith antibodies, and complement are still necessary, though inadequate, in the correct early diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. New biomarkers such as type I interferon signatures, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) have been identified in recent developments in immunology and provide some hopeful insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and may help to diagnose it better. Moreover, omics technologies and artificial intelligence-driven methods of analysis are also driving biomarker discovery and precision medicine plans faster. Although these improvements have occurred, the majority of the new biomarkers are yet to undergo large multicenter studies to be validated before they can be used in routine clinical practice. This review pays attention to the diagnostic problems in SLE and explains how new immunological biomarkers may be used to enhance diagnostic quality in the early phase of the disease and its monitoring as well as tailored therapeutic interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nepolean R, Ramesh K, Kalaivani R, Chandramohan K, Aishwar JP, Mohamed Vahith S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pharmacogenomics: bridging the gap between genetics and drug therapy
Pharmacogenomics, the integration of pharmacology and genomics, lies at the center of precision medicine by personalizing drug therapy based on genetics. 20–95% of drug response variability arises due to genetic variation, which influences drug metabolism, transport, target, and immune reactions. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), a leading cause of hospitalization and death, make personalized prescribing critical. There are a number of major pharmacogenomic applications, including cardiology dosing of warfarin and clopidogrel, cancer treatment targeted to a specific cancer, psychiatric medication optimization, and prevention of hypersensitivity to drugs like abacavir and carbamazepine. CPIC and DPWG recommendations aid clinical application, with issues of test availability, provider education, ethical issues, and patient heterogeneity persisting. Pharmacogenomic testing may be costly initially but is cost-effective by avoiding hospitalization and maximizing treatment. Technological advances in AI, CRISPR, and whole-genome sequencing hold the potential for greater incorporation into medicine. Pharmacogenomics is a new model for therapeutics that allows for safer, more efficient, and individualized medicine, with global efforts in place to provide equitable access.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. Mohana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Survey on Cosmetic Consumption in Delhi and NCR
The aim of this study was to conduct an online survey to investigate the consumption of cosmetics by general public and more specifically by the student community in Delhi and NCR. An 11-point structured questionnaire was prepared and posted online to the study participants. A total of 206 responses were received out of which 191 (92.7%) were received from the students. Most of the participants (n= 195) belonged to the age group of 20-30 years (94.7%). A higher number of the respondents (45%) believe that expensive cosmetic items are superior to a cheaper ones as compared to those who were not in agreement to the above observation (36%). Majority of the respondents preferred to use cosmetics with natural ingredients (66%) as compared to those who were willing to purchase synthetic ones (30%). Accordingly, most of the consumers were willing to pay more for herbal cosmetics (70%). Facial care was the most considered factor for buying cosmetics (n=119, 57.8%). Most of the participants preferred to purchase cosmetic from community pharmacies and e-commerce sites (25% each) rather than departmental store and shopping mall. A good number of participants (33%) purchased cosmetics based on the claims of the manufacturer whereas a significant majority of the respondents were more judgemental and considered quality of cosmetic products as a major factor. In the wake of plethora of available information resources; it is recommended that the consumers should make informed choices prior to the purchase of cosmetics rather than being influenced by the manufacturer claims. The present study might help various cosmetic companies to formulate their strategies for marketing the cosmetic products.
Copyright (c) 2021 Mohd Aqil, Keshav Kumar, Nazreen Tabassum, Ashima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Medication Errors - An Understated Healthcare Menace: A Journey Through A South-Indian Tertiary Care Facility
This research work targets to analyze and ascertain the epidemiological profile of medication errors occurred at a tertiary care hospital in South India. A retrospective cross-sectional investigation of medication errors by chart review method. The process involved assessment and interpretation of medication errors reported to and by the Department of Clinical Pharmacology from April 2016 to March 2020. Data was later analyzed employing descriptive statistics. A total of 11,314 medication errors [8,835 prescription errors and 2,479 non-prescription errors] were reported among 1,01,981 hospitalized patients, with an average incidence of 26.56 per 1000 patient days. More than a quarter of prescription errors were within the drug dosage modification subclass, whereas transcription errors were the most common non-prescription errors, around 70%. An appreciable portion of the total medication errors constituted by potential errors were prevented before reaching patients [9681, 85.56%] with timely interventions by health care professionals, remarkably by clinical pharmacists, over 96%. The study benchmarks how a well-designed voluntary reporting system provides a good way for identifying the emerging medication errors before they result in harm to the patients. Ward-based clinical pharmacists in close liaison with health care professionals are effective in reporting and implementing interventions to prevent such unfortunate events, ensuring patient safety.
Copyright (c) 2023 Aneesha P.K, K.R. Rakesh, Archa Anna George Fenn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Covid 19: Need of vaccine induced herd immunity in India
Introduction: Herd immunity is a traditional concept nothing but a form of indirect protection from contagious diseases. In a mass community, there is no need to be everyone immune. If a high proportion of members in the community are immune, spreading of the disease is reduced even to non-immunized patients. This study offers an overview of vaccine-induced herd immunity importance in this pandemic and how it will be achieved. Methodology: The data of basic reproduction number Ro values for COVID 19 of 10 weeks in India which were estimated by Ro package in R software are extracted from a research article (reference no.4) and taken the mean Ro value due to fluctuations as well as to avoid great errors by using MS Excel. Herd immunity is calculated by using a standard equation stated as R=(1-Pc )(1-P1)Ro Results: The mean basic reproduction number Ro for COVID 19 in India was calculated as 1.671 by using MS excel and the herd 3 determines that only 40.16% proportion of individuals need to immunized through a vaccine to achieve herd immunity towards COVID 19 in India. Conclusion: This study estimates mean base reproduction Ro as 1.671 and Herd Immunity Threshold (HIT) as 40.16% by using past data. This study concludes that vaccine-induced herd immunity helps us by playing a key role to eliminate novel coronavirus.
Copyright (c) 2020 D. Pragathi, Dinesh Kumar Kukunuri, Venkatesh Paturu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Self medication pattern for dandruff treatment among pharmacy students
Dandruff is a common scalp disorder distressing almost half of inhabitants the at the pre-pubertal age and of any gender.No populace in any geographical region would have passed freely without being affected by dandruff in their life at some stage.Thinng out the skin and cause other side effects are caused by non prescription preparation (OTC),if used for a long period of time. To help keep dandruff under control, there are lots of OTC products available . To evaluate the prevalence of self medication pattern for dandruff treatment among students a 15 item web based questionnaire was developed and employed to collect data (validated by the institutional ethical committee) from pharmacy students at Ezhuthachan College of pharmaceutical sciences. The survey will gather demographic information and collect data on about the usage, type of antidandruff product,content included and side effect experienced etc.Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. 76% of the respondents had dandruff problem and among them, 67% experienced hair loss,53% had acne and 31% experienced itching and 11% experienced skin rashes due to dandruff problem. 41% of the respondents adopted self medication strategy .Out of them 45% used ketoconazole shampoo and most of them experienced hairloss due to the usage of shampoo. Prevalence of self-medication for dandruff problem was alarming high. It is necessary to educate the students for diagnosis and treatment of Dandruff problems. The relevant data obtained through this study will help know about the prevalace of the self medication pattern and to aware about future complications.
Copyright (c) 2021 Aleena Roy et al., https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A detailed study of methotrexate treatment in ectopic pregnancy
Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist, it works by inhibiting the dihydrofolate by interfering with the DNA synthesis. Ectopic pregnancy is a life threatening condition that may cause maternal mortality. The main aim of this review to show the efficacy of systemic methotrexate and shows the importance of methotrexate treatment in management of ectopic pregnancy with surgical treatment and dosage regimen with protocol treatment. The selection criteria of candidates in this review is pregnant women with <5000miu/ml, adrenal mass <4cm, presence of peritoneum <100mland no sign of cardiac activity. Data collections are made from most relevant article between the periods of 1987-2020. Ectopic pregnancy is an emergency condition if not timely diagnosed and most of the cases where identified in first trimester.
Copyright (c) 2020 Alfiya R, Sowparnika Treasa Sabu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Comparative study of oxidant and Anti-oxidant parameters in Chronic Renal Failure, Haemodialysis (Pre &Post) and Controls
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is featured by a progressive decline of kidney function and is mainly caused by chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. CKD is a complex disease due to cardiovascular complications and high morbidity; however, there is no single treatment to improve kidney function in CKD patients. Since biological markers representing oxidative stress are significantly elevated in CKD patients, oxidative stress is receiving attention as a contributing factor to CKD pathology. Aim of our study is comparison of oxidant and anti oxidant parameters in chronic renal failure, Hemodialysis (pre and post) and control subjects. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on a patient group comprising of 50 patients diagnosed with CRF, 50 were pre hemodialysis, 50 were post hemodialysis (MHD). This patient group was compared to a healthy group including 100 controls. All the study participants were admitted in the department of Medicine [Nephrology department] at “Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences”, Kadapa. Andhra Pradesh. India. The obtained serum samples were used for biochemical analysis for estimating MDA, vitamin A and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). Conclusion: Our results reflects the primary mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation during hemodialysis which may cause of CVD development in hemodialysed patients.
Copyright (c) 2020 R. Salma Mahaboob, G. Obulesu, M. Madan Mohan Rao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical implications of novel polymer and lipid based drug delivery systems
The use of lipids in drug delivery is not a new trend, some of the lipid dosage forms have been in use for a long time such as suppositories, creams, and emulsions. However, there has been much advancement in the designs of lipid carriers over the past decade. In the same way from the past two decades, new approaches in biodegradable and bio-reducible polymers have paved a way for many recent drug delivery systems. Applications of these novel drug delivery formulations have been promising clinically. However, each system has its pros and cons in various factors depending upon their use and intended route of administration. This review focuses on upbringing the challenges in the use of novel lipid and polymer drug delivery systems in clinical settings and few insights on how to overcome them.
Copyright (c) 2020 Kallem Sharat Venkat Reddy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
To study the organization of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and inflammatory marker CRP in acute myocardial infarction
There is an increasing incidence of coronary artery disease in India. We therefore need a tool to evaluate the severity and prognosis of this acute myocardial infarction. In acute myocardial infarction, the function of plaque rupture and inflammation has already been identified. Aim: To study the organization of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and inflammatory marker CRP in acute myocardial infarction. Methods and Material: Patients who have been diagnosed as acute myocardial infarction (ST Elevation Acute myocardial Infarction or Unstable angina/Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) and admitted to ICCU of Rajiv Gandhi institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa, AP. are the subjects. Sample consists of 100 cases of acute myocardial infarction. Case history was taken from the patients, and studied according to proforma. Conclusion: Elevated levels of CRP are independent indicators of adverse effects. When contrast with the LDL / HDL ratio, CRP is used for risk stratification and as a prognostic predictor. These findings suggest that in patients with acute myocardial infarction, raised CRP Levels is significant as compared to LDL/HDL ratio.
Copyright (c) 2020 M. Madan Mohan Rao, R. Salma Mahaboob, G. Obulesu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical implications of polymers and lipids in designing drug delivery systems in geriatric use
This paper will emphasize some of the clinical implications of polymers and lipids in designing drug delivery systems in the geriatric population. This article will give us an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of polymers and lipids in formulating DDS in individuals over 65 in the United States. Lipid polymer hybrids can be advantageous in systemic drug bioavailability to patients who have decreased drug carrier capacity. Older adults may benefit from lipid polymer hybrids as it enhances drug delivery and drug targeting process. Most of the older adults use a minimum of 4 to 6 medications for a variety of medical ailments and conditions. Polypharmacy may be an advent situation in some of the cases, which can be reduced by innovative drug delivery options.
Copyright (c) 2020 Sai Raj Kappari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An appraisal on quality of life in AIDS patient
Quality of life is the expectation of the individual or society for a good life which outline both positive and negative features of life. Acquired immunodeficiency disease is caused by human retrovirus which was considered as a fat illness before the introduction of proper treatment. Symptoms of the disease include flu like illness, skin rash, sore throat, opportunistic infections, enlarged lymohnodes in necks and so on. According to Who ,since the beginning of pandemic 76 million people have been infected with hiv virus and about 33 million deaths has been reported. At the end of 2019 about 38.0 million people were living with the disease globally. Antiretroviral drugs are used for the treatment of human immune deficiency virus. The review paper was prepared by referring review and research papers from research gate, pubmed, goggle scholar, science direct and search was based on key words such as AIDS, HAART, Quality of life in Aids patients. Aids was considered as a fatal illness till the introduction of proper treatment regimen. The morbidity, mortality and disease severity was reduced to a great extent by antiretroviral drugs. Quality of life was also seen to be improved in patients. Social support has a positive impact on quality of life. Factors like depression, emotional stress, unemployment, suicidal ideation affect the quality of life in AIDS patients.
Copyright (c) 2020 Arya Lekshmi.U.S, Sowparnika Treasa Sabu, Shaiju.S.Dharan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of microvascular complications on quality of life in diabetic patients
ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes is a serious health concern all over the world. Among people with diabetes, a key factor influencing quality of life (QOL) is degree and nature of diabetes related complications experienced by the patients over a lifetime. QOL is important health related factor and one of the most widely used measure to self-assess the effect of the management of chronic disease on health and monitors the physical, psychological, and social aspects of personal health. Methodology: This study is a prospective questionnaire based observational study which was conducted over a period of 6 months in a tertiary care hospital among diabetic patients. The subjects are interviewed with WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and relevant information was collected. The domain wise scores are calculated. Results: A total of 140 diabetic patients were included in the study of which 100 were with complications and 40 were without complications. On conducting single sample unpaired test analysis, we found significant difference in the patients. The inference obtained this study was that nephropathy is the most common microvascular complication and affects the psychological and environmental status of subjects. Conclusion: The study was done to know the influence of complications on QOL and to reduce the burden of disease by improving QOL by effective counselling points and self-care management. We conclude that taking proper diabetic diet and self-care can prevent the worsening of QOL in patients with microvascular complications.
Copyright (c) 2020 Priyanka Kulla, Shruthi Pusala, Sandeep Kumar Beemreddy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Descriptive Outcome Based Study for Treatment Strategies of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections using Medication Therapy Management
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI`s) are the fifth leading cause of death due to infections being responsible for 2.74 million deaths worldwide. Antibiotics are used primarily to treat these infections. The aim of this research is to study the medication therapy management of patients with lower respiratory tract infections admitted in ESI hospital, Bangalore, and to improve the quality of life of patients. It is a descriptive, observational, and interventional study. The data is collected through suitably designed forms and by direct interaction with the patients as well as their caretakers. The study cohort consists of 40 patients, of that males were 24 (60%) and females were 16 (40%). Most of the infected cases were in the age group of 51 to 60 years and the minimum infected were of 11 to 20 years and 81 to 90 years. The symptoms like Hyperthermia (30%), Tachycardia, and tachypnea (32.5%) were observed. A high count of RBS, PPBS, FBS were seen among 25%. Observations including leukocytopenia (7.5%), neutropenia (15%), lymphocytopenia (22.5%), leukocytosis (22.5%), neutrophilia (27.5%), lymphocytosis (35%), eosinophilia (7.5%), monocytosis (2.5%), and all cases have increased ESR (100%). LRTI was among 13 (32.5%) patients and remaining were with complications associated with LRTI. 40 (100%) patients received IV fluids along with Duolin, Budecort, Augmentin, Cough syrup, and Deriphylline. Maximum drug interactions are seen in Pantoprazole + Deriphylline combination among 14 (35%). Process measures (type and frequency of drug therapy problems detected), economic measures (number of medications dispensed), and humanistic measures, (patient satisfaction with services) were the main outcomes in this process after providing MTM services.
Copyright (c) 2020 Kalyani Gade, Thanushree N, Rinku mathappan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A statistical analysis on the remission of pain and the intensity of depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Rheumatoid arthritis and depression commonly occur together. Although this is known, people with rheumatoid arthritis often aren't screened for depression, so it may not be diagnosed or treated. The main aim of the work is to evaluate the remission of pain and estimate intensity of depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients. We collected 40 cases of Rheumatoid arthritis at VIRRD hospital and collected the details. By using Visual analogue scale we have estimated the pain remission and by using Beck Depression Inventory we evaluated intensity of depression. This study shows the Adults (Above 18 years) are affected more with RA than that of other age groups. This study reveals that people affected with RA are 80% of female. So that females are more affected. As chronic pain is the important symptom of RA we evaluated the remission of pain. We observed there is decrease in pain after using the medication which indicates that there is remission of pain in patients when they are on regular treatment. This study showed a strong relation between RA and subsequent risk of depression. Based on the study almost 62.5% RA patients have some level of depression. We suggest that for optimal care and better outcomes of RA patient, detection and management of depression is important as there is some level of depression in RA patient and for such patients the treatment should be based on their level.
Copyright (c) 2020 Madhu Babu Mortha, Usha Sri Pammi, Mamatha Pulavarthi, Yalmaji Vasupilli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An overview on Chronic Kidney Disease allied risk factors and complications
Chronic kidney disease is a long term condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function at least a period of 3 months or more. About two-thirds of the cases are mainly caused due to HTN and DM. The symptom load plays a crucial role in the patient's disease experience and among the main signs of CKD are troubling physical and psychological symptoms. The evaluation of the symptom burden of CKD patients is of the utmost importance in clinical management. The risk factors include age, sex, race and ethnicity, family history, drug use, smoking, and socioeconomic status; and other comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes. Some risk factors can be modified and prevent or slow down the progression to ESRD. CKD progression is associated with serious complications such as cardiovascular risk, dyslipidemia, anemia, nutritional issues, and mineral and bone disorders.
Copyright (c) 2020 Vallala Akhila, Saini Soumya, Sindhuja Eega, Amulya Reddy Gade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of physical training on gender difference in trained personal
Many controlled studies and neurological studies demonstrate that men and women are physically and mentally different. The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is any gender difference in respiratory capacity between trained athletes of both gender. This study was conducted at Kolkata (Serampore area), West Bengal, India. The subject was trained table tennis players of age group was 14 – 17 years. Significant differences have been found in height (cm), W/H ratio and PIF (l/s) between male and female lawn tennis players and all these values are significantly higher (P<0.05) in male than female players. Greater mean height in trained male than female tennis player of same age range is advantageous for male. This might be due to their own growth pattern under the influences of different specific hormones which is not considered in this study. Higher centrally located fats in trained male than female tennis player in this age range might be due to less affectivity of physical training in male. Higher central fat distribution may hinder different lung capacities by influencing abdominal cavity. Higher peak inspiratory flow in trained male than female tennis player indicates inspiratory muscles are more powerful in male player of this age range. So, it can be concluded from this study that gender differences in lung capacities can be minimized by proper training load in female trained player at least in 14-17 years age range. This study also claimed that stature is not only the decisive factor for differences in lung capacities in male and female trained tennis player of 14-17 years age range. Body composition, central fat distribution, active inspiratory muscles and proper physical training have definite role in improving lung capacities of trained male and female tennis player.
Copyright (c) 2020 Debopriya Ghosh, Utpal sanyal, Dr. Anup Adhikari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Aprepitant, a novel neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist in management of chemotherapy induces nausea vomiting (CINV) in cancer patients
Nausea and emesis are two major concerns for patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. The 5HT3 receptors antagonist ondansetron is the major factor for preventing and treatment for CINV either alone or often is combination with dexamethasone. Even these treatment options exist, CINV remind as major adverse event for all chemotherapeutic agents. The adverse events have major impact on patients quality of life and compliance with treatment. Aprepitant, a novel neurokinin-1 (NK-1) antagonist has been introduced as a new class of drug to prevent CINV. Many trials and studies reveals that comparison of aprepitant to the standard ondansetron and dexamethasone is superior in protecting against CINV. Here this study evaluate and reveals the use and benefits of aprepitant in the management of CINV.
Copyright (c) 2020 Robin George, E. Sunil Kumar, Kondi Charitha Reddy, Shaik Habeebjan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pyrazinamide induced photodermatitis: a case report
Photosensitivity reactions due to pyrazinamide are rare. In this report, a case of pyrazinamide induced photodermatitis has been reported in a patient who is one anti-tuberculosis treatment. The patient developed rashes with burning sensation which are worsened on exposure to sun. These rashes had developed since 5 days following 15 days of start of anti-tubercular drugs. Thus these kinds of adverse reactions can be prevented on early detection and reporting these can help in decrease the morbidity rate of tuberculosis with use of pyrazinamide in the treatment regimens.
Copyright (c) 2020 A. Heena Kauser, T. Saranya, Robin George, E. Sunil Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A review on immune checkpoint blockage therapy
Activating the immune system to eliminate cancer cells and produce clinically relevant response has been a long standing goal of cancer research. Most promising therapeutic approaches of activating antitumor immunity include immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our immune system protect us from disease, killing bacteria and virus. One main type of immune cell called T-cells. T-cells have protein that turn it off. These are called checkpoint. Immune checkpoint are accessory molecules that either promote or inhibit T-cell activation. Checkpoint inhibitor are a type of immunotherapy. They block protein that stops the immune system from attacking the cancer cells. Checkpoint inhibitor are a type of monoclonal antibody or targeted treatment. Immune system cells, such as T-cells and Antigen presenting cells (APCs), defend and protect the body. Immune system play an important role in controlling and eradicating cancer. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated protein 4(CTLA-4) and Programmed cell dealth protein (PD-1) are checkpoint protein which is the negative regulation of T-cell immune function. Inhibition of the target, results in increased activation of immune system.
Copyright (c) 2020 Thamrook s shajahan, Shaiju S Dharan, Merlin Nj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A cross sectional study of polycystic ovarian syndrome among pharmacy students
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder, often complicated by chronic an ovulatory infertility and hyperandrogenism with the clinical manifestation of oligomenorrhoea, hirsutism and acne. The aim of this research is to evaluate polycystic ovarian syndrome which includes sign and symptoms, lifestyle and diet conditions along with their common treatment and self-medication practice for dysmenorrhea among pharmacy students, which are more prone to PCOS.
Copyright (c) 2024 Reshma Rajan, Dhanya Dharman, Deepa Manohar, Shaiju S Dharan, Athira J R, Deepthi Mariya Davis, Radhika Nair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Current factors affecting the menstrual cycle
A regular menstrual cycle is an important indicator of a healthy reproductive system. Menstrual problems affect not only women but also families, social & national economy as well. The menstrual cycle is divided into two 14-day phases. In normal healthy women, menarche occurs between the ages 10 and 16 years, with an average rhythm of 28 days, inclusive of 4–6 days of bleeding, with some common minor variations like Amenorrhoea, Oligomenorrhoea, Polymenorrhoea, Menorrhagia, Hypomenorrhoea, etc., these menstrual disorders frequently affect the quality of life of young adults women, some of the lifestyle factors like obesity, intake of junk food, stress, lack of physical activity, skipping breakfast are associated with irregular menstruation. The purpose of this study is to identify menstrual irregularities and assess the impact of lifestyle factors and on the menstrual patterns in reproductive-age females.
Copyright (c) 2020 Godari Akhila, Asra Shaik, R. Dinesh Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A study on prevalence of smoking on peptic ulcer: a survey
Cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for the development, maintenance, and recurrence of peptic ulcer disease. Peptic ulcer is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers (sores) in our digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Smoking has an inconsistent effect on gastric acid secretion, but it does have other effects on upper gastrointestinal function that could contribute to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. The purpose of the study was to assess the role of cigarette smoking in ulcer. An online prospective questionnaire based survey was carried out in 100 individuals who were selected in random and their responses were recorded and the results were analysed. The present study suggests that now, most ulcer perforations may arise among individuals (especially mens) aged above 25 are caused by smoking. We found a very strong association between current cigarette smoking and ulcer perforation from these survey
Copyright (c) 2020 Thamrook s shajahan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist or any other medical practitioner to the pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for individual patient. Prescription auditing is a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care. The parameters which has to analyzed in the process of prescription auditing are, patient demographics, clinical diagnosis, department, prescribing standards, doctors name and signature. It is a prospective survey carried out in a rural area. About 50 prescription was collected. The study provides the effect of prescription auditing. Patients age sex, date of prescription ,drugs name and signature of the prescriber, dose, dosage form, duration of treatment was collected and analyzed. About 96% of prescription contain patient name, 88% contain patient age, all of these prescription are written in brand names and 96% are written in small letter. About 60% of the prescription contain dose of the drug and 90% of drug dosage forms are included. Among 50 prescription, 36% are eligible for reading, 48% are partially eligible and 16% are not eligible for reading. Prescription audits is an educational activity, which promotes high-quality patient care and which should carried out regularly.. A prescription auidit is to designed to measure the compliance with the standards of the proven clinical practice and to record the required and the documented changes in the clinical practice, which are shown by the re-audits.
Copyright (c) 2019 Chintha Chandran, Dhanya Dharman, Deepa Manohar, Shaiju S Dharan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0