Pharmacogenomics: It is the science of using genetic information To choose the right drug and dose.

Abstract

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual’s genetic makeup influences their response to medicines. Conventional drug therapy often follows a “one-drug-fits-all” approach, which can result in reduced effectiveness or adverse drug reactions in some patients. Pharmacogenomics aims to overcome this challenge by using genetic information to select the most appropriate drug and dose for each patient.This approach has shown significant benefits in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, and infectious diseases. Genetic testing can help identify patients who are likely to benefit from specific medications while reducing the risk of drug toxicity and treatment failure. Advances in genomic technologies and artificial intelligence are further accelerating the integration of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice.Despite its advantages, challenges such as the high cost of genetic testing, limited awareness, ethical concerns, and unequal access to testing remain barriers to widespread implementation. As research continues to expand, pharmacogenomics is expected to play a key role in the future of precision medicine by improving treatment outcomes, enhancing patient safety, and supporting individualized healthcare.